Deliverables

2024

• Protective Policies and Affective Citizenship
  Katja Stempel, Georg Wenzelburger

  This literature review examines the state of the art on two related research areas: on protective policies and on emotions related to politics as well as on political communication and policy-making. Both reviews deliver important insights into main debates in the respective strands: On protective policies, the analysis shows that the concept itself has not been used widely, whereas protection is mentioned repeatedly in articles related to specific policy areas, such as social protection, environmental protection or health protection. Hence, combing the insights from these different areas can lead to an enhanced understanding of the cross-cuttingness of protection, which will be further explored in PROTEMO. With regard to emotion in the realm of politics, scholars have extensively investigated the affective dimensions of political behaviour and political communication. However, with some exceptions, extensive empirical studies on the concrete role of emotion in the process of policy-making are missing from the academic literature. PROTEMO addresses this lack and thereby contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of policy-making in an era of multiple insecurities. Finally, drawing together the results of the two parts, the review yields several important insights about possible interlinkages, namely on the target groups of protection, the origin of protection, the assessment of the need of protection, providers of protection, policy instruments providing protection, drivers of protection and the time horizon related to protection. These insights can inform a theoretical conceptualization of protective policies as well as guide the development of hypotheses on how emotions affect the policy-making process on protective policies and vice versa.

• Report on Literature on Emotional Needs, Emotional Entrepreneurs, and Emotional Framing
  Capelos, Tereza, Hamer-den Heyer, Katarzyna, Maor, Moshe

  The literature review presented here examines research on the emotional needs of individuals, groups, and policymakers, emotional policy entrepreneurs, and emotional framing synthesising the findings of over 480 academic articles, books and reports, drawing mainly from political psychology, psychology, and policy studies, and including works from related disciplines. On emotional needs, the analysis shows that the concept of ‘emotional needs’ has informed research in psychology, business studies, marketing, and the health sciences, and less so in political psychology. These studies concur that the needs of safety and security, belonging, and recognition are fundamental human requirements for mental and emotional well-being, which play a key role for individual and societal stability. On emotional policy entrepreneurs, the review explores studies in the field of policy sciences which concur that emotional policy entrepreneurs employ emotional manipulation strategies, along with non-emotional strategies, to achieve their policy goals. On framing experiments on protective policies, the review explores experimental studies and examines what frames were used, with what outcomes, and what was the role of emotions. The analysis finds that most of the experiments with framing did not measure emotions. When emotions were measured, they were treated as moderators or as mediators in the communication process between policies and outcomes (e.g. attitudes toward these policies). This literature review will serve as an input for the internal workshop on the theoretical and conceptual foundations (T1.4). Bringing together the findings of these three parts, it highlights gaps in extant research, as well as the connections between how the emotional needs of individuals, groups and policy makers are understood and addressed, how emotional policy entrepreneurs operate in this context, and how emotional framing can be instrumental for the communication of emotional needs. These insights will inform the theoretical contribution of PROTEMO as well as provide the framework to develop hypotheses and design empirical methodologies for the studies in the project.

• Theoretical and Methodological Debates on Protective Policies and Emotions of Citizens and Non-citizens
  Cristiano Gianolla, Pavlo Kravchuk

  This report scrutinises the main theoretical and methodological debates that emerged throughout the PROTEMO project literature review process (WP1) in January-July 2024. Three literature review reports were delivered in July 2024, after an online workshop held in March 2024 and an in-person literature review workshop that occurred at Saarland University (Germany) in June 2024. The three reports focused on “Protective Policies and Affective Citizenship” (LRR1), “Emotional Needs and Emotional Entrepreneurs and Emotional Framing” (LRR2) and “Social Representations, Social Identities, Emotional Dynamics and Protection” (LRR3). The present report’s main objective is to summarise and explore June’s workshop debates, however, it frames these debates within the whole literature review process. It also includes the first version of the PROTEMO glossary of key terms, emerging from the three literature review reports. As the literature review process was guided by an interdisciplinary team, the current report also outlines geographical, cultural, epistemological and disciplinary issues, as well as how they are tackled through concepts of multi-layered and affective citizenship within PROTEMO. In the conclusion of this report, we describe the implications for the overall theoretical framework of PROTEMO, building on the Grant Agreement (Wenzelburger, Carbone, et al. 2023), as well as insights from the theoretical and methodological debates around the literature reviews.